Ethnic Germans (citizens of the USSR), as the White emigres Objects recruitment of military intelligence third Reich. The portal
mozohin.ru , established at the initiative Olega Borisovich Mozohina (
race. In 1956 ; Colonel, Professor of the Academy of Military Sciences, PhD, Senior Researcher, Professor, Academy of Military Sciences. )
number of documents and comments to them from various collections on the activities of the USSR State Security. Among them are papers on the recruitment / trying to recruit military intelligence (and other structures) 3rd Reich as citizens of the USSR (including ethnic Germans), and non-citizens of the USSR (eg beloemigrantov). And also - manifestations of anti-Soviet activities by certain groups of ethnic Germans - Soviet citizens (for example - the Red Army attack military formations). Then - some of these materials (1938 - 1942 years.)
Documents on the portal are presented in textual form - likely taken after the detection resp. collections, as there are common mistakes after recognition. The following materials I selectively collated with a collection in a format djvu " organs of state security The Soviet Union in World War II ". Bold emphasis mine. from "
Organs of State Security in the Great Patriotic War Volume I BEFORE Volume One (November 1938 - December 1940 ) (
http://militera.lib.ru/docs/0/gb1-1.djvu , 22 pages (10-11 pages Bond.)
№ 2 OF COMMUNICATIONS RESIDENT NKVD in Kaunas ON THE POLITICAL SITUATION IN LITHUANIA
November 21, 1938 Mr. ..
We have already witnessed a steady fascization Lithuania and some of her moves and overtures aimed at bringing with
Germany ... Events then began to unfold much more rapidly. Klaipeda Germans intensified, and the Lithuanian government has begun seriously thinking over the appreciation of German demands, and finally satisfied with them almost entirely.
.....
Today remains unsatisfied only one item - to be removed from Klaipeda Lithuanian political
police, which the Germans are now (already completely decoupled from the hands) are actively seeking ...
Now all the work in the Klaipeda region is headed by a fascist, a former coup Ernst Neumann, who heads the newly created
mass organization - «
Cultural Union of Klaipeda Germans ». He has publicly declared himself the leader of Klaipeda
edge ... The creation of this organization should be considered as the legalization of the National Socialist Party with all
consequences. This is, in particular, demonstrated by the fact that the organization first and foremost
together all existing hitherto numerous so-called sport, charities,
professional, etc., mugs and societies, clubs and unions, is a cover of the Nazi during the existence of
martial law. Visual confirmation of the last ... that thousands of protesters on November 1 and on subsequent days
were highly organized ...
«Roman»
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CA FGC Russia
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The above major events each day supplemented by all possible provocations against Lithuanian institutions in Klaipeda, against Lithuanian officials and some residents of Lithuanian nationality. Attempts
Lithuanian authorities somehow preserve the appearance of their sovereignty in the area immediately swelled the German press as proof of German oppression, as attempts to limit the autonomy of the area, etc. All of these events, to which
were added all sorts of panicky rumors, created in the country is extremely tense situation and insecurity. But this voltage is passed not only from Klaipeda. To resolve the problem internally Klaipeda
was mobilized as the German element, resident itself Lithuania (40 000), and, moreover, far-right element in the person of Lithuanian voldemarovtsev [2], oriented in its
Policy on Germany. United into an organized pattern of fascist alliance, the Germans
those months deployed unusual activity.
emphasizing its proximity to Nazi Germany hint at the possibility of protecting their interests and lives of the "Fuehrer» , create unnecessary concern to the Lithuanian authorities, who fear provocation.
In order Intelligence German alliance in February decided to organize in Lithuania, his storm troopers "to maintain order" (?!). Litpra that they are not allowed. However, Despite this, they arranged for March 12 demonstration in Kaunas at the memorial cemetery of the fallen in the war of 1914-1918. many were in uniform Stormers All caught
eyes that this demonstration was attended by members of the German diplomatic] mission in Kaunas, led by envoy Tsehlinom [3].
====
http://militera.lib.ru/docs/0/gb1-1.djvu (p. 232 (220-221 dokum.))
№ 106
Orientation of the NKVD USSR ON THE USE German consulate
GERMAN PUBLIC ORGANIZATIONS IN THE Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina
as a shield against the Soviet Union INTELLIGENCE ACTIVITIES
July 10, 1940
Chişinău task force established that on the territory of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina among
living German colonists doing a great job by German consulates in the orphanage Galati and nailing on persons of German nationality over the German government. To this end, in 1934 the Romanian government allowed
organize among the German colonists so-called German folk management "... This organization, the German national control, certainly,
is cover a wide intelligence network Gestapo . ....
People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the USSR
Commissioner of Public Safety 3 rank Serov
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CA FGC Russia
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http://militera.lib.ru/docs/0/gb1-1.djvu (p. 262 (250-252 dokum.))
№ 126
of the indications of the NKVD USSR № 3624 / B PEOPLE Commissariat of Internal Affairs of the Lithuanian SSR
MEASURES TO ENHANCE THE COUNTER German intelligence
September 10, 1940
were sent by the NKVD of the Lithuanian SSR materials establish that the existing in Lithuania under various disguises
both legal and illegal German organizations («Kulturferband" ... "Hitler-Jugend * Arbaytsfront" ... "The Union of German girls, sports clubs, religious associations, etc.) are actively
Nazi propaganda and espionage work on the instructions of the German intelligence agencies .
you should with all due caution and secrecy, with intelligence and properly deploy the appropriate counter-intelligence work in order to detect and suppress German espionage and the interception of German intelligence ties. .... Have a plan of our work along this line in the near future, Bear in mind the need:
1. Take the operational records of all identified members of German institutions and to begin developing in the first place
Activists with the task of identifying their particular enemy of the Germans and the agents among the Lithuanian population.
work plan developed by you imagine in the NKVD.
People's Commissar of Internal
people USSR Beria
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CA FGC Russia
____
In October 1939, after the conclusion of the contract \u0026lt;and> between the USSR and the Baltic States, the latest was given consent to the repatriation of ethnic Germans. In this regard, Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia came the so-called repatriation
Commission,
is one of the covers for the German secret service activities in the Baltic . ..
Among the major figures of German espionage in Lithuania called Head of German Kulturferbanda> Cosman, and Cramer, Ginderbrandta (.. correspondent, was arrested late last year for taking photographs Soviet garrisons),
Head "physical culture" of the "Lithuanian Union of Germans Allanda , German army officer,
heading representative office film "Agfa" Vittkoppa .. et al
German "Kulturferband" (combining Germans living in Lithuania) is also activated although so far refrained from any open anti-Soviet actions. This is in deep underground with sufficient intensity and
caution but apparently it manifests itself in frequent meetings of the Union, more often out in the German newspaper in Lithuania (Deutsche Nachrichten "), the construction of stadiums (Which can be used for airfields), and so forth ...
===
(paper on "
tip "
![[info]](http://l-stat.livejournal.com/img/userinfo.gif?v=1)
mister_xy )
from "
organs of state security USSR during the Great Patriotic War Volume 2 - Volume One Part 7 "
№ 468
report of the commander of the Southern Front № 28/op Stalin and Budionov the shelling of the German population retreating Red Army [3]
August 3, 1941
the Supreme Command of Comrade. Commander Comrade Stalin. Budyonny
1. Military operations on the Dniester shown,
that the German population tends lyalo-out windows and gardens of retreating to our troops. also found that entering the fascist German troops in a non-metskoy 01.08.1941, the village met with bread and salt.
on the territory of the front there is mass human settlements with German population.
2. Please provide guidance to local authorities for the immediate expulsion of unreliable elements [1].
Tyulenev ... ... Zaporozhets, Romanov ...
Published in: Proceedings of the CPSU Central Committee, 1990, № 9, pp. 195.
__
[1] 31 August 1941 was accepted by the Politburo of the CPSU (b) "of the Germans living in the territory of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic" in which Approves the proposal of the NKVD and instructed: "1) the Germans registered as an anti-Soviet elements, arrest, and 2) the rest of the able-bodied male population aged 16 to 60 NGOs to mobilize in the construction battalions and pass the NKVD for uses of the eastern regions of the USSR »
__
[3] Report to transferred from Poltava cipher. On paper (Form Coded Telegram) has resolution of Stalin: «
Comrade Beria. It is necessary to evict with a bang. J. St. », and also note:" People's Commissar reported (signature illegible). 25.VIII.41 city »
__
===
From
book "
veh on State Protection "
....
In the period from April to June 1941 the German intelligence service has thrown into the Soviet Union a significant number of well-trained and armed agents, which were equipped with walkie-talkies and other necessary equipment.
agents recruited from among the white emigrants, and especially the members of such anti-Soviet organizations as the Russian General Military Union, "Russian Fascist Union and some other,
as well as persons of German nationality, including immigrants from the Soviet Union, who held the Russian language .
===
comment to document "
indication of the NKVD of the Byelorussian SSR № 3 / 41 to strengthen the fight against German agents, are thrown into the rear of the Soviet troops under the guise of refugees, August 2, 1941 "" from
"Organs of State Security in the Great Patriotic War, Volume 2 - Volume One (06/22/1941 - 31/08/1941) "Part 7 .....
At the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, the main contingent of German agents in a combat zone and front-line areas was as fixed Soviet body-Ny State Security of the hastily recruited by Red Army prisoners. And recruitment were widespread, and assignments were designed principally Thus formation of the solution of problems the German Army during the implementation of its offensive tactical plans.
This paper deals with another contingent of German agents . This refers to the agents, acquired the German secret services during the
repatriation of German nationality Coy with the territory awarded to the Soviet Union after the defeat of Poland in the war with Germany (Western Ukraine and Western Byelorussia).
significant number of such agents were recruited and retained by the Germans in the Baltic Republic.
main problem posed by Germans in front of the agency, was limited to implementation-leniyu subversive and terrorist actions after Germany invaded the Soviet Union. Initial progress of hostilities on the western borders of the USSR and the Baltic States reflects the effective results of intelligence and subversive activities a German intelligence agents who cause disruption in the management of the Red Army and causes great damage to defense sites, and you're a sexually Communications of Soviet troops.
By no longer needed in such agents in the field of purchase, where the per-ends by the fighting, the German intelligence, as evidenced by this document, starts its transfer to the rear areas of the USSR.
main job secret service were the following: conducting diversions, the fee is not needed for the German Army about the logistical and human resources zervah Soviet rear, the elucidation of the moral and psychological state population, a solution of other problems the intelligence nature.
===
from "
Organs of State Security in the Great Patriotic War, Volume 2 - Volume Two Part 9 "
№ 750
Memorandum of the NKVD of the Ukrainian SSR in the NKVD on the working methods of German intelligence in the Ukraine
....
Striving also the problem of terrorism, German intelligence, but carefully prepares a portion of its agents in a special school-crystals terrorists.
As established by the investigation, training school for spies-por-terrorism exists in the city of Poltava.
deserves serious attention the fact that
in these schools once-vedchikov terrorists sent anti-Soviet elements from the local German colonists .
December 11, 1941 in g.Kupyanske Kharkiv region arrested and workers zoblacheny two German spies, terrorists - Gustav Meyer Borislavovich, 1923 birth, a native of Kiev,
by nationality German , pa-it worked for an artist Kiev Russian Drama Theater, and Martin-Gay Org Antonovich [1], 1918 birth, born with. Boyarka Kiev region,
on nationality, also a German , student third year of the Kiev College of Physical Education.
Meyer and Martin showed that, after recruiting them by the Gestapo in Kiev, they finished special school scouts terrorists in Poltava, and then transferred to our homeland on a mission to penetrate the city of Stalingrad and other industrial cities, Gia The Soviet Union for Terror terrorist acts against the Party and Soviet activists and collecting espionage material ....
[1] Correct - Georg Mertens Antonovich (1918-1942). Military Tribunal of the NKVD troops to protect the rear of the Southwestern Front on Jan. 29, 1942 sentenced under Art. 54-1A of the Criminal Code of the RSFSR to capital punishment ....
Zam. People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of USSR
major national security ; Savchenko
CA Russian FSB
===
from "
Organs of State Security in the Great Patriotic War Volume 2 - Volume Two (01.09.1941 - 31.12.1941) H PART 7 "
№ 697
Dispatch № 8695 Command the NKVD troops to protect the rear of the Western Front Chief Political Administration of the NKVD of the USSR PN Mironenko of Party-political work and military activities of the 34 th Infantry Regiment of the NKVD during the period from October 3 to November 20, 1941
November 23, 1941
.....
3. Politico-moral state personnel
politico-morale troops healthy. Soldiers and commanders are ready to perform any task.
Along with the high political-moral state of all personnel have the negative effects of the individual battle
samples and commanders ....
3. Soldier Untenberg [1],
German nationality , who arrived from the 171 Regiment of the NKVD, refused to comply with orders to the platoon commander to give a flask of vodka and shouting: «
I blooded Aryan ». Untenberg arrested and sent to the Special Section [NKVD] 26 th Army. ....[ 1] Untenberg Alexander Fedorovich (1919 -?) - Red Army in 1941 - Commander of the Department's Definition 1 st Rifle Company 1-Infantry Battalion 84 th Regiment train the 9 th Division of the NKVD, then the 34 th Cavalry Regiment troops NKVD ....
... Conclusions
Political and morale of personnel shelf is quite healthy. Polk ready to perform any given task to defeat him phase shistsko-German occupiers.
head of the NKVD of the rear
Western Front, Major General ; Iv. Petrov
Military Commissar of the NKVD of the rear
Western Front Regimental Commissar Shevchenko
Head of Political Department of the NKVD of
Home Front Western Front Regimental Commissar Shchukin
RSMA, f.. 32880, on. 1, d. 374. Sq. 220-225a. The original
===
http://mozohin.ru/article/a-93.html (see also
http://militera.lib.ru/docs/0/gb1-2.djvu , 1937 p. (34-35 in document.))
№ 156
FROM Special report third DEPARTMENT UGB NKVD Lithuanian SSR № 1 / 622 in the third DEPARTMENT OF GUGB NKVD agent and operational work on the German line, February 22, 1941
....
territorial proximity, well-established way community-of Lithuania and other conditions have made it possible to quickly integrate into the German economy, to occupy a dominant position of the transport, the main industries in the energy sector and to occupy Lithuania national cad-ramie-German nationality.
According to incomplete statistics, by the time the arrival of the Red Army in Lithuania there were about 300 German companies, including 49 workshops and factories, sawmills, and Kir-A typical plants, power plants, carpool, 88 outlets, etc.
Along with the influence, aimed at capturing the leading sectors of the economy, has been widely deployed network of cultural transmission electron titelnyh nationalist institutions, sports and religion gioznyh societies and organizations: 24 libraries, 6 boarding schools, 2 high school, 10 public schools, sports clubs etc.
All these economic, cultural, religious, sports-nye and other nationalist organizations officially registered with the Lithuanian Government,
helped ger-Mansky exploration in the mass planting of agents in Lithuania and penetration in the state apparatus, army, police and other key government agencies.
Typical are the facts of significant transition Quantity officials and leaders of the former political Poly-tion of Lithuania directly to the service by the Gestapo after the arrival of parts of the Red Army ... A similar provision was in the 2 nd Department of General Staff of the Lithuanian Army ...
mass Planting agents helped legally existing nationalist German organizations, and in particular, Kulturferband "under the guise of whose work-tackles and military intelligence and the Gestapo.
Kulturferbanda leaders "have been of most performed and the management of its individual links ...
«Kulturferband" and hidden it illegal German organizations, such as "Mannshaft" [1], "Hitler-Jugend", the SS and others, in the period репатриации еще более активизировали свою
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[1] - Манншафт» — команда (нем.).
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деятельность и наряду с
выполнением разведывательных задач под прикрытием preparation for the repatriation of its members launched a wide nationalist propaganda. Thus, the management of Kulturferbanda "in their practice work aimed to undermine the credibility of its members of the Soviet authorities strenuously explained the Germans that they could be arrested and their property nationalized, village-Kolka, allegedly under the protection of the Reich.
German Embassy issued a number of people who were afraid of reprisals by the NKVD, the documents that the data were persons under the tutelage of German authorities . (Y-polarized arrested the former head of criminal police Pamataytisa [1] found a similar document.)
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Under the influence of propaganda "Kulturferbanda»
persuading the Germans were given in the fact that they are untouchable unity in our state and not dependent on the Soviet authorities. found that in order to identify persons of German nationalities of the related with the NKVD, the members of the German-term illegal organization "Mannshaft" conducted surveillance of suspicious-governmental Germans.
rumors that members of Mannshafta " maintains surveillance of individual Germans were deliberately disseminated in order to intimidate the Germans and prevent them from cooperating with the secret police.
the same purpose prominent "Kulturferbanda in translation and definition-thieves with the Germans openly declared that they are aware of all the Germans, working with the NKVD, and that on arrival in Germany they will pay them ...
Head 3rd Division UGB NKVD Lithuanian SSR
Captain KGB Chernonebov [2]
CA FGC Russia
[1] Pamataytis Petras Gustavas after the war wanted by organic Us MGB Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic as a state prisoner. According to 1959 resided in the United States.
[2] Chernonebov Pavel Ivanovich - the Colonel, in February 1941 - Chief of the 3rd Division UGB NKVD Lithuanian SSR, in June 1941 - Chief of CGB NKGB Lithuania. In subsequent years he was responsible for the work of the NKVD-MGB-NKGB. Order of the MGB № 1141 of 11 March 1950 transferred to the reserve according to age.
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CA FGC Russia
===
from "Organs of State Security in the Great Patriotic War, Volume 3 - Book first (01.01.1942 - 30.06.1942) »
Part 3 "
№ 812
Direction NKVD № 66 on the strengthening of operational intelligence officer working on the identification of agents of intelligence agencies at war with the Soviet Union countries *
February 20, 1942
In the cases identified by the NKVD German spies and diversan Tov states that German intelligence органы в последнее время усилили свою активность по переброске в наши тылы специально обученной в разведывательных школах агентуры.
Наряду с работой to collect military intelligence on the short-and long-distance communications are our fronts German intelligence agency has set this task to penetrate the headquarters and other government units and the Red Army, as well as in large industrial centers of the country for the organization of the decommissioning of defense companies, railway junctions, destruction of warehouses with ammunition, fuel and food and other critical defense facilities.
....
"
In Makeyevka Stalinist of course there were, where they studied the Red Army deserters from persons of German nationality. Recruited agents are divided into groups for 8-9 people in each. On the course, participants studied the methods of collection reduce-tions of a military nature, methods of sabotage, signaling a German aircraft and bond. After graduation, all agents are thoroughly instructed. They receive requests for Denmark, weapons, uniforms, money, fake documents, portable radio stations. Transfer agents, saboteurs carried to the rear of the Red Ap-mission of the Southwestern and Southern Fronts. Coaching and getting to produce hundred-mines abverkomandy 101 and its subordinate abvergrupp 102, 103.
.....
People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the USSR
Commissioner-General of State Security Beria
CA Russian FSB
====
from "
Organs of State Security in the Great Patriotic War, Volume 3 - Volume Two, Part 6 "
Note the 4 th Chief of the Office of the NKVD submarines. Sudoplatov № 7 / 8513 NKVD on the Stalingrad area for the collection of materials on the use of German emigrants in the occupied Soviet territory
December 23, 1942
In a survey of agents, home from behind enemy lines, perebezhchi Cove, war and other sources requested to collect material
of IP-friendly German expatriates in the occupied territory USSR [1].
possible to illuminate the following questions:
1. Use of emigrants in the administration on the occupied territories.
2. Immigrant centers and organizations in Germany and the occupied territory, their structure, objectives and management staff.
3. The use of immigrants as the enemy intelligence of teachers in school and agents to be prepared for getting to the rear of the Red Army.
4. The role of expatriates in the nationalist movement, its participation in Nazi-onalisticheskih organizations and in the formation of the "volunteer" of national units.
Head of the 4 th of the Office of the NKVD
Senior Major KGB Sudoplatov
CA Russian FSB
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\u0026lt;
comment >
Everyone knows that white emigration on the structure, programs, platforms, targets, objectives were far from uniform In many "unions", "Party", "of the Committee" met and disappointed in the "white movement", who quit politics of ideological sabotage, terror, pursued by the leaders of emigrant Kru-gov in the Soviet Union, greeted occurring at home mixing-Ny. But there was also a large number of scattered worldwide representatives of the Russian capital, the former tsarist generals, officers, remnants of counter-revolutionary and Casa, whose forces (main areas of focus were in China. Finland, Poland, Czechoslovakia, France, Germany and the Balkan countries). They continued to be active, whether subversive activities against the Soviet Union
armed aggression of Nazi Germany against the Soviet Union greatly enlivened this part of the "White Movement", which strongly contributed to the Nazis, is open to Maughan them to carry out the occupation of their homeland, establishing so-called "new world order»
Analysis of the Nazi intelligence agencies operating in sovets-to-German front and in the temporarily occupied Soviet territory attests,
that virtually all of their structures is a significant number beloemig rentier . The latter are sometimes the heads of schools, the camp commander, razvedkursov, ..., teachers, trainers, investigators, translation-chikami, recruiters agents, residents. Many White emigres were members of official intelligence and sabotage teams and groups. Most-neck their number was abverkomandah 102, 103, 104 and abvergruppah 104. 105, 106, 107, 114. White emigres in the staff of the Marine intelligence abverkomandy, conventionally referred to as "Nahrihtenbeobahter" (NBO) and the Marine intelligence team on the Black and Azov morim (Marina Ayzattskomando des Schwartz Meers "), the Abwehr, commands 202, 203, 204 and abvergruppah 201, 203, 204. 207. 209. 212.
most actively involved in the activities of White emigres razvedyvatel-GOVERNMENTAL and sabotage schools , in the bodies of the Abwehr - Ast southern Ukraine " "Sonderstab P". Especially a lot of white emigrants working in schools
training agents-propaganda-ists in the POW camps in the so-called "Working teams» German army, organized from the Soviet citizens and members of the POA. For example, in prefabricated camps in Kielce (Poland), only his head was German, the rest of the service person-signal consisted of white emigrants. A similar situation existed in several other camps. So, in a closed school camp in the am Wustrau trained agents of the Georgian, Armenian, Azeri and other nationalities of the Caucasus. NE-teachers were determined White emigres, members of anti-Soviet organizations NTSNP, "Tetra-Georgievich-energies", "ARF", OUN, etc. They were active in pro-fascist process hearings carriers, involved them into their organization. In training camp in m. Vutzets conventionally referred to as "the working team of 960»
, trained agents from the Ukrainians and Belarusians , Chief camp was a German. Other leaders and teachers are, were White emigres from the Ukraine and Belarus.
special camp Ruhleben. created by "East Ministry, until mid-1943 stir in the Berlin area - Ruhleben, and then was transferred to the district Spandau West. The camp commander was a White emigres. The camp held a special short term training-ing agents, selected from among Soviet citizens deported to Germany. They were prepared as advocates to be sent to the occupied areas of the USSR. In August 1942, in Lettsens (East Prussia), the Germans organized a special camp to prepare officers for parts of the so-called "Russian Liberation Army with respect." At camp, there were schools to prepare for counter-intelligence units ROA and POW camps. School subordinate commander of foreign-governmental forces the German Army on the Soviet-German front-general of leu-Tenant Kostring (former Military Attaché of Germany to the USSR).
White emigres were on duty in parts of the security police and special units of the RSHA, in specific and operational teams, in special camps, participated in the "national committees" established authorities "Zeppelin".
carrying out assignments German command working in the organs of the Abwehr and the RSHA, Emig rantskie community mobilized to fight the reactionary forces against the USSR. They turn out-whether aid the occupation authorities in the dispersal of local councils and the establishment of a German Coy administration, to suppress the partisan movement. White emigres took part in the hostilities against the Red Army in sabotage and terrorist acts in the formation of "voluntary" national parts of the number of voennoplen-GOVERNMENTAL - Traitors, in carrying out reprisals against civilians.
After the war, many White emigres who collaborated with the German-fashi-stskimi occupiers, are punished by dividing the fate of their masters, are brought before a Soviet court.
(For details, see: "Inevitable Retribution (Based on trials of the traitors of the motherland, Nazi torturers and agents of imperialist development dock). M., 1979. 97-116, 117-132; AUIAB, 1995, № 5, pp. 79-84, as well as Volume I of this collection, documents, № 4, 9. 12, 20, 22, 23, 33. 46, 115. 137, 222, 253).
However, some beloemigratsii resolutely refused to participate in a German-to-Fascist aggression against the USSR . A number of white emigrants, even diehard against nicks, the Soviet government, urged countrymen to stubborn resistance of the occupiers. Some of the white emigrants have actively participated in the Resistance movement in France, Italy and other European countries.
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[1] See the documents of this is number 859. 860, 924, 1201, 1202, 1225, 1231.
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